Insider threats. In the Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Upper Saddle River: Addison-Wesley. Likewise, the sources of intelligence Keith Cozine are not just spying on our adversaries but rather College of Professional Studies, St. Given these common misconcep- tions about intelligence, the next section seeks to Keywords shed light on what intelligence really is.
Definition According to Lowenthal , a great deal of Intelligence is information that has been collected, people think that intelligence is nothing more than processed, analyzed, and disseminated to policy information that is secret. Consumers anticipate that they , p. The reality is, especially in a post- will need information or have a question answered September 11th world, intelligence is much more before planning a task or making a decision and than secret information and spying, and what is they will charge an intelligence organization with seen in the movies and television is often far from providing the information or answering the ques- reality.
In fact, James Bond and Jason Bourne tion. The goal is to produce a product coordinated sabotage operations and paramilitary that is reliable, unbiased, and honest Lowenthal raids; used codes and ciphers; and disseminated They even uncovered a traitor within their sonnel to make decisions, take action, consider own ranks, the infamous Benedict Arnold.
Strategic intelligence Agency a. The reason is, especially after environment, warn of future developments the War of , the United States did not have a on issues of enduring interest, and support U.
This diminishing Army and its ability to win the war. As a result, there on Pearl Harbor shed light on the faults with this has been an increased emphasis placed on home- approach of simply coordinating intelligence land or internal security, including the realization activities. The was established in to succeed the Coordina- attacks were also perceived as a major intelligence tor of Information.
The OSS is the forerunner of failure. Like the National Secu- need to return to the normalcy of the pre-war rity Act of , this Act represented a major military positioning and demobilization began. In , President Truman information gathered in the United States or signed into law the National Security Act of abroad that pertains to more than one agency and , representing the largest government reorga- involves threats to the United States, its people, nization in US history and establishing national property, or interests; the development, prolifera- security framework for the next half century.
Over the next 50 years, other intelligence organi- Intelligence Collection zations were established to provide for greater intelligence coverage leveraging new advance- Intelligence collection is not new and the various ments in technology or emerging issues. Today, it is collected by a variety of Earth- 1. An human sources and includes overt, clandestine, advantage of SIGINT is that it provides insight or covert activities and those individuals who into what is being said, planned, or considered exploit, manage, or support these activities.
A assess, and visually depict physical features Covert HUMINT source is one where the rela- and geographically referenced activities on tionship between the agent and the sponsor will the earth. Geospatial intelligence consists of never be acknowledged. Imagery is usually in the form of intercepted communications transmissions. Intelligence 4. Publicly available b.
MASINT is used to identify gases or means the information is available to any mem- waste leaving factories or other facilities, indi- ber of the general public. It cannot be development of weapons systems and the obtained through any act of trespassing, theft, development of WMDs by both state and hacking, or use of social engineering, all of non-state actors. MASINT has six distinct which would be illegal, and it also means that I sub-disciplines: a electro-optical, which mea- it cannot be considered publicly available.
The process by which this is achieved especially policy-makers Lowenthal An intelligence chances are greater that collectors will overlook product may lead to new questions and the need important information that cannot then contribute for new intelligence.
The process can become to subsequent stages of the intelligence process never-ending progression of developing intelli- Lahneman There are checks response to the established intelligence require- and balances at each stage of the process that must ments, an intelligence agency develops an intelli- be completed before moving on to the next step in gence collection plan. This plan evaluates order to ensure that reliable and accurate intelli- available sources and methods already available gence is created.
After this construct for understanding the basic functions existing intelligence is considered, a determina- that any intelligence enterprise must accomplish tion is made to see what additional information or to be successful. These additional needs are usually referred ning and direction, which begins when policy- to as a collection requirement ODNI b.
This need for intelli- be made on how to acquire the required informa- gence information is referred to as an intelligence tion, what assets are in place to collect it, where to requirement. This requirement is passed to an collect it, when to collect it, and then physically intelligence agency, where an answer is developed acquiring the information.
As discussed in the and then disseminated to thee requesting policy- previous section, depending on the agency and maker Lowenthal These information, making it infeasible for intelligence methods of collection share one major common- agencies with limited resources to cover every ality: they are all resource intensive. Launching possible threat with equal attention. As a result, satellites, intercepting signals, and running agent some issues and targets will receive top priority; networks are all costly.
Accordingly, managers of others will only receive peripheral attention, while the different collection disciplines compete for still others will receive little if any notice. The limited budgetary resources Lowenthal This need to repackage the National Security Council, and other major data gives rise to the processing and exploitation departments and agencies of government, initiate phase of the intelligence cycle.
The where raw data is turned into a form usable for issue coordinators within the IC interact with analysis. Skilled specialists must sift through col- these policy-makers to identify core concerns lected information in search of useful intelligence. For example, photo-satellites cap- makers whose initial needs generated the intelli- ture thousands of images across the planet, all gence requirements.
Dissemination is all about varying in terms of resolution, angles, daylight, getting the right intelligence to the right people and weather conditions. To the untrained eye, all at the right time. It is a rigorous job that represents these variations could mean nothing, but profes- the sum efforts of all previous stages combined.
At the end of the pro- U. Analysis is considered to with a constant barrage of competing information be the most important part of the intelligence and intelligence reports. For this reason, analysts receive.
Analysts are spe- types of consumers and put them together in ways cially trained employees of intelligence organiza- that convey the most important information in the tions who typically combine substantive expertise least demanding fashion Lahneman Analysts efforts, intelligence does not exist until consumers rely on their keen analytic capacities and strong acknowledge it, understand it, and then make written and oral communication skills to achieve decisions based on this intelligence.
When an this function successfully. In short, their job is to intelligence product is disseminated, it is often assemble many different pieces of collected and taken for granted that policy-makers will digest processed information, evaluate this information and act upon the intelligence they receive, but this in terms of their specialized knowledge, consider outcome is by no means guaranteed.
After information is collected, combined improvement. Within DOD, there are four agencies that established. Who Creates Intelligence? The NSA has a three-pronged mission. The intelligence process refers to the process of The SIGINT mission is to collect, process, and how intelligence is created, but who is responsible disseminate intelligence derived from foreign for producing it.
At the federal level, it is the communication, electronic, and instrument sig- intelligence community that serves as the primary nals for intelligence and counterintelligence pur- intelligence apparatus of the nation. As mentioned poses, as well as to support for military earlier in this chapter, the National Security Act of operations. Third, is the Central Secu- rate intelligence agencies. Currently, the IC is and others involved in disaster management. The composed of seventeen separate agencies.
These gence satellites. Each branch of the armed advances in technology, the intricacy of the intel- forces within DOD Army, Navy, Air Force, and ligence process and the presence of many different Marine Corps maintains its own intelligence intelligence consumers.
It is these consumeers, organization to support the mission effectiveness with widely different requirements, that dictate of its respective service. Each agency has department who are their primary consumers. The Federal Bureau of president. The DO is arm of the CIA respon- ment Administration DEA has a dual law sible for the coordination of covert operations and enforcement and intelligence responsibility.
The DA uses information collected by the gations into violations of controlled substance DO and other IC partners to analyze, produce, and laws and major drug organizations, support ongo- disseminate all-source intelligence products ing investigations, and provide policy-makers on a wide variety of national security and foreign with intelligence products related to drug trend policy issues to consumers across the US govern- information.
While the secrecy of intelli- name a few. This lack of intelligence sharing pre- ments and leadership. The focus of these vents those who may make the best use of avail- products includes identifying smuggling patterns, able intelligence from receiving it.
Even across techniques and routes, and trends in criminal and within law enforcement agencies, those in activity and predicting emerging and future possession of valuable intelligence and informa- threats. Federal authorities became increas- of information pointing to the plot were held by ingly dependent on state and local agencies, and to various agencies that, in hindsight, if connected, a certain extent, private citizens to be their eyes could have prevented it.
This problem was and ears on the street and also their boots on the compounded by the fact that there are a variety ground to carry out certain actions.
Procedures of agencies at the federal level that were not mem- had to be established in order to drive the intelli- bers of the IC but held important information. One gence collection, processing, and develop the example is the cases of two of the September 11 intelligence communication systems of state and hijackers, Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al- local agencies.
Decision-makers at the state and Hazmi. In early , the CIA developed infor- local levels, and to a certain extent the private mation that Mihdhar was a suspected al-Qaeda sector, also have become consumers of intelli- operative and he was previously issued a multi- gence generated at the federal level. This dual ple-entry US visa. In late January these diverse sources be collected, processed, ana- , Mihdhar and Hazmi both arrived in the lyzed, produced and disseminated in a timely United States and were allowed to enter the manner?
In late Decem- regional, state, and local levels of government was ber , the CIA and FBI developed information necessary for achieving this goal. Having left in June , and various federal agencies outside the IC dis- Mihdhar applied for and received a new visa in covered a need to be able to share intelligence June and was allowed to enter the United among both themselves and the IC itself. INS, and USCS of the situation and recommended One strategy that has been developed to link that Mihdhar and Hazmi be added to the watchlist these potential sources together while simulta- databases as suspected terrorists.
They did not share Centers. Intelligence fusion centers form a vital this information with any other federal, state, or link between the federal intelligence community local law enforcement agencies.
These are just a and state, local, and tribal levels of government. Likewise, there Homeland Security Their areas of respon- needed to be a better way to combined intelligence sibility vary. Some are operated by states, others gathered overseas with information gathered by large cities, and still others have a regional domestically. The Commission also concluded focus. Intelligence fusion centers also operate in that while the government has access to vast different ways. The per day.
Provide interdisci- restore a better balance between security and plinary expertise and situational awareness to inform shared knowledge and move from a culture of decision-making at all levels of government.
Improve nationwide decision-making an attack cascaded to other areas within that sector by transforming from information ownership to or other sectors of critical infrastructure. At the stewardship. ISACs are private organizations run by the owners and operators of critical infrastructure Althoff, M. Human intelligence. Clark Eds. Washington, DC: state, and local agencies. There are currently 21 Sage.
History of the CIA. Journal of Strategic Security, 8 3 , 80— Cozine, K. Fragmentation and interdepen- The information needed to generate intelli- dency: Border security intelligence in North gence is collected through a variety of sources America and Europe. It is the intelligence cycle that is the disciplines: The effectiveness of experiential learning process used to move from intelligence require- as a pedagogical technique.
About DIA. Department of Homeland Security. National The steps in this process include planning and network of fusion centers fact sheet. Introduc- methodical approach to creating intelligence to tion to the intelligence cycle. The seven-step intelligence cycle. The approach to intelligence has evolved Lowenthal, M. Intelligence: From secrets to throughout US history as the threats faced by the policy 8th ed.
Thousand Oaks: CQ press. It is likely that intelligence will Morris, J. Measurement and signa- tures intelligence. Clark continue to evolve as new threat emerge and the Eds. Washington, DC: Sage. Murdock, D. Geospatial intelligence. Statista Signals intelligence. Intelligence community agencies. About the ISE. Internet of Things IoT , in recent years billions of b. Estimates show that by c. What is intelligence?. The Internet also provides the essential justice. Internet communication protocols have allowed developers to produce the Internet Further Reading applications upon which we now rely: the web, Logan, K.
Homeland security and search engines, social networks, and many other intelligence. Santa Barbara. Steiner, J. Homeland security intelligence. Without such services, applications Douglas E. Salane such as the World Wide Web would not exist.
Thus hosts and the end points. This project led to the devel- nection. A third key component was the Internet opment of a backbone network for the Internet and addressing and routing systems that allowed net- demonstrated its utility. The program paved works to be added to the Internet with minimal the way for the transition to current model where impact on the existing system.
The switches maintenance and development. Nonetheless the sector telecommunication companies known as decision to keep processing on intermediate Internet Service Providers ISPs.
In addi- controlled. There are local and regional service tion, separating the physical network layer from providers as well as core service providers who other network layers allowed the massive invest- interconnect regional providers and offer a type of ment in software applications at the network, and backbone for the Internet.
Moreover, in recent transport and application layers of the network to years, major content providers such as Google remain in place as underlying network hardware have developed their own global networks sepa- technologies evolved and improved.
These content provider networks have largely been in the hands of committees connect to ISPs to access the public Internet and of stakeholders who work together to devise attempt to avoid using the Internet core where the open or publicly available communication possible.
Internet work. With open protocols talented pro- grammers anywhere in the world could develop network services and applications and improve on Internet Technology existing software. The Internet designers introduced a number of network technologies and made a number of tech- Internet Management and Governance nical decisions that have allowed the Internet to scale from a few hundred machines to billions of Governance of a valuable shared resource such devices Leiner One key technology was as the Internet, a critical information infrastructure the packet-switched network.
The European security, and access Global Commission on Inter- Union has a strict privacy regime which regulates net Governance n. As a global system, the the way ISPs and Internet search and social network Internet has no central manager or authority. In addition, the private sector plays a key role Deep and Dark Web through user terms of service agreements both for Internet access and use of various web appli- The deep web and the dark web characterize por- cations.
From the beginning, technical standards tions of the World Wide Web. Many distributed form of governance that includes consider the dark web to be a subset of the deep developers, users, and others with an interest. Both terms refer to web sites not generally The Internet Society Internet Society is accessible to search engines. Two organizations manage the actual browser computer.
IAB , which considers the longer-term develop- The deep web includes web pages that ment of the Internet. The IETF publishes a set cannot readily be accessed by search engine web of technical protocol standards called Requests crawlers. Domain Name System, which provides names Access to dark web sites typically requires the and addresses for Internet computers and services use of the Tor browser TOR The net neutrality debate browser or the web site being accessed.
Dark tomers willing to pay for it. The fear is that cus- web users often take the extra precaution of tomers who cannot afford a premium service will using a virtual private network for additional receive a lower level of service and be denied the full assurance of anonymity.
The issue of ISPs making use web. In addition, dark net sites also model of Internet governance. Ottawa: Centre for host whistleblowing forums and political discus- International Governance Innovation and the Royal Institute of International Affairs. Our Infrastructure. Retrieved from Google: countries. Get Started. Internet Standards. Google Search Statistics. As an indication of how much Paths to Our Digital Future. Retrieved from the world has grown to rely on the Internet as an Internetsocity.
About the Internet Society. In less than a society. Brief History of the Internet. Privacy the way organizations and people interact and Regulation Related to Internet Service Providers. Internet of Things connected devices installed base world wide from to What is the Tor Browser. Open Internet. Data Protection in the EU. Dark Web. The global multi-stakeholder R There are security risks associated with the use of this technology.
In the United States, in order to provide users of these devices with there is currently no federal regulation of IoT some form of service. States, like California and Oregon, how- ever, have passed legislation requiring manufac- turers to include security features in IoT devices. This law is designed to Wandt , p.
The contextual information enhance consumer trust in devices and security from these devices is obtained through the real- of technological devices. The contextual information violated because the data collected, stored, col- obtained from IoT devices enables them to make lated, and shared by IoT devices can reveal per- decisions independent of the users.
Users of IoT devices often have little, if any, control and choice over the data that is obtained, References aggregated, analyzed, and shared about them and knowledge of the quantity and types of data that Haselton, T.
To date, IoT devices are not plies when you run low. The Internet of Things: Security and privacy implications. International Data Privacy Law, these devices from the outset a form of privacy 5 2 , 99— Instead, what is observed is Maras, M.
Enabling mass privacy by policy, whereby privacy-enhancing surveillance: Data aggregation in the age of big data applications are considered post-design to man- and the Internet of Things. Journal of Cyber Policy, 4 2 , — While the United States privacy-act similarly does not have a federal law mandating data protection measures by IoT manufacturers, Further Reading state law does exist.
A case in point is the Cali- Maras, M. Maras, M. Enabling mass surveil- nia residents with rights over the collection and lance: Data aggregation in the age of big data and the use of their personal data Schwartz et al. Internet of Things. Interviewing Adults: Conclusion Communication at the Front Line Everyday objects are increasingly being connected to the Internet in order to collect, R.
Milne1, A. Shawyer1, G. Dalton1, B. May1, store, collate, analyze, and share substantial quan- J. Nunan1 and R. However, we must not be complacent; there is still scope for learning Interviewing adults refers to the use of research- and development. The entry then examines the limited amount of work concerning Introduction ii paramedics.
Communication and information- gathering are used within this type of organization The key to ensuring successful outcomes within for different reasons to the police i. Finally, iii the Fire and criminal in nature, is in part reliant on gaining Rescue Service, whereby good communication in reliable information Nunan et al.
Reliable this domain provides crews with the necessary information may in turn aid effective, critical information to ensure operational competence and decision-making throughout an emergency effective risk assessment and maximize crew, wit- Alison et al. However, obtaining such ness, and victim safety, is described. I information is a complex task, especially at the front line where the event is often surrounded by chaos and confusion and where there are limited Police: Frontline Communication and fast-time resources Dalton et al.
Thus, Critical Incidents the information-gathering task is confounded by numerous factors, but in the current entry, we will Following an initial call to the emergency services focus on three key areas of research: i the source see Dalton and Milne in press, for more in this of the information i.
The interview witnesses and victims about what they enormity of this task in these dynamic circum- can remember. However, this poses challenges stances should not be underestimated. It is essen- because extracting reliable information from tial that researchers explore the nature in which memory at the scene of an incident can lead to this information is gathered to help devise work- both encoding errors e.
By utilizing the knowledge underpinning questions that lead to inaccurate information; the psychology of communication and the falli- Snook et al. These challenges are extenuated tion and develop tools to assist in this process.
There is a history from those involved. However, when appropriate questions were leading questions Wright and Alison Thus, asking the right inadequately trained, ill-equipped, and under questions is key. Decisions are only as good as pressure when conducting such interviews the information that is fed into making them. That Dando et al. Poor questioning can lead to poor informa- police forces to modernize, the use of technology tion that can lead to poor decision-making.
From police dashcams to the issuing titioners in this area of the emergency services has of personal body-worn video cameras, the police been fruitful, and a number of tools have been are now more accountable for their actions. In incidents where there are on, these provide a reliable record of all interac- mass witnesses e.
The Self-Administered Interview services personnel themselves. As a result, the SAI; Gabbert et al. Working with practitioners, Gabbert et al. SIP is based on the body-worn video footage over 15 months. This premise that the best information is that gathered piece of research examined how frontline police by open-ended questions e. The main objective was e. The memory contamination, and has led to increased research further investigated the impact of con- use of rapid rapport techniques, enhanced tributing factors e.
Witness use of a sketch plan. Research has also Milne This framework consists of the fol- shown that sketches can be used with a variety lowing: i initial contact, ii investigative inter- of witnesses, including those who are deemed views, and iii post-interview process and product.
Of particular importance is the fact that critical Terrorism has also added challenges to how incidents are characterized by trauma. Thus, under- police communicate at the front line, especially standing how to manage trauma is essential for where mass witnesses are involved.
Experiencing interviewers. Such a skill hinges on the ability to limited fast-time resources, and the scale of the manage emotions. The ability to manage emotions problem.
WISCI is a good example of far-reaching costs to society, not only psycholog- how practitioners and academics can work together ically but also economically.
For example, in one to develop a realizable working framework in report it has been estimated that one million fewer response to a real-world problem.
Getting it right critical incidents is paramedics. It is to this group is crucial in ensuring a safe and resilient society. To ensure best practice, academics and police have worked together examining the challenges involved in managing such critical incidents. For Paramedics: Multiagency Working example, Smith and Milne developed a framework for triaging mass witnesses based on There is limited work looking at the frontline their own experience of dealing with such an inci- communication of paramedics.
As can be seen dent and a dialogue with police interview advisers from the prior discussion, in the course of a involved in developing strategies for this type of major incident, the collection and dissemination investigation. The techniques used to elicit interview strategy for a critical incident involving and share information are, therefore, key to the multiple witnesses, a triage system. The number of success of working in harmony Waring et al. However, similar to the police outlined such that it is usually necessary to put an organiza- above , a number of factors may impact upon tional structure in place to facilitate their manage- this process within this service, such as i the ment Smith and Milne It is only by the sources of the information and ii the communi- development of such an organizational structure cation methods used to gather the information that the investigation team can have any hope of e.
Training in a mand meetings. It was also recommended that realistic simulated environment provides a safe multiagency talk groups should be utilized more place to gain experience and develop skillsets frequently and used to complete a joint risk assess- ready for real incidents Alison and Crego ; ment.
In addition, it was outlined that training in Rouse The simulation, effective service evaluation tool to examine real- which lasted 4 days, consisted of a collapsed world practices. Body-worn cameras are able to building that mirrored London Waterloo timestamp and capture both live time communi- Underground Station. This project involved all cation and behaviors during training exercises, the emergency services as well as members of which could be revisited and shown as training the public who acted as casualties.
This exercise material or subjected to research analysis Nunan demanded a timely and effective short-term et al. Are appropriate communication to examine frontline communication both within strategies pivotal to this line of business too? The research focused on day 1 of EUR to capture the initial Fire and Rescue Service: Control Room frontline communication and decision-making in Communication response to the major incident.
Furthermore, and risks are elicited in the control and command the psychological and physical well-being of the center during an emergency response call. Importantly it was found that the Operational crews in the control and command importance of successful multiagency working center i. Underpinning successful quantity of information, and as with similar blue multiagency working is the use of effective light services, the use of appropriate question communication Waring et al.
A breakdown in while simultaneously imparting safety advice frontline communication adversely affects the reli- to those in jeopardy and gathering critical infor- ability of the information collected, the sharing of mation from witnesses and victims National such information, and the quality of subsequent Operational Guidance Programme The decisions.
However, gathering dence-based tools e. Control control and command center Shawyer et al. With privileged access to control ations, requiring responsive action in short time and command emergency recordings, alongside frames and dealing with people who are often a survey to establish perceptions and understand- in heightened emotive situations — all factors ing of questioning techniques, rapport building which do not often occur in everyday communica- techniques, and barriers to communication, the tion interactions Cohen-Hatton et al.
Fur- present research focused on working toward the thermore, everyday communication incorporates development of a bespoke communication proto- question types e. This is to optimum communication exist: a combination because everyday communication is not aimed at of individual and situational factors.
For example, gathering reliable information at speed. An examination of the emergency and nurtured if the Fire and Rescue Service or recordings also revealed communication in the indeed any service is to further develop their con- control and command center may not always trol and operational crew communication.
Decision inertia: Deciding between least worst outcomes in emergency center staff. It also provides initial insight into the responses to disasters. Journal of Occupational and potential barriers which can impact of the effec- Organizational Psychology, 88 2 , — Allen, D.
Information sharing and interoperability: The case of major incident management. European Journal of Information Systems, 23 4 , — Cohen-Hatton, S. This entry has explored how the emergency ser- An investigation of operational decision making in situ. While each and Ergonomics Society, 57 5 , — Interviewing witnesses face similar challenges.
For example, research and victims of crime. Paulino Eds. Cambridge, Massachusettes: the need to ask the right questions, in the right Elsevier Academic Press. Thus, asking open-ended questions and Dalton, G. Paper presented at the annual ber of tools that have been designed in partnership conference of the European Association of Psychology between academics and practitioners to aid and and Law, Turku, June The cognitive services.
Gabbert, F. Protecting Nunan et al. Law and Human Behavior, 33 4 , — Cross-References Gabbert, F. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 26 4 , — Coordination in Disasters Harris, T. Alison, L. Policing critical incidents: Protecting and enhancing eyewitness memory: The Leadership and critical incident management.
London: impact of an initial recall attempt on performance Routledge. Design for success: A human-cen- acp. New York: Wiley-Interscience. Journal of Gabbert, F. Barriers to communication Criminal Justice, 42 6 , — International Journal of Emergency Management.
Krix, A. Witness interview strategy Memon, A. Applied Cog- Snook, B. Examining tices of suspects and accused persons. Criminal Justice the forensic quality of police call-centre interviews. Psychology Crime and Law, 18 7 , — London Fire Brigade. EUR evaluation report. Mattison, M. Waring, D. Autism, 22 2 , — Interviewing victims of Evidence on Security Threats conference.
Questioning disabilities. Davies Eds. Psychology, prosecutions Vol. Chichester: Wiley Crime and Law, 10 2 , — Milne, R. Witness interviews and crime investigation. Eysenck Eds. Bull, R. Handbook of legal — Network Switch and it started to be used even in similar small networks. Structuring a firewall with an intrusion detection system is the security standard of today [3]. In this paper, it is shown how intrusion detection system works with a sample scenario by using Snort software on Raspberry Pi computer.
The Raspberry Pi is connected to a network switch which has two configured virtual area networks VLAN to make a wider network.
Hosts are connected Figure 2. The aim is to enable the intrusion detection system to operate on a larger network like workplaces. The switch used in this project is shown in Figure 2. In other studies, Raspberry Pi is working as a Switch configuration requires console and power cable.
In this study, a After the power and console cable is connected, the network is divided into segments by using the VLAN putty program is run from the computer and the serial feature of the network key and multiple computers are interface is used to access the switch interface. Since the secured. In order to create a Section 2 provides a brief review of literature. Section 3 VLAN, enable mode must be entered. In section 4, the results of the network, the general configuration mode should be scenario are presented and Section 5 presents the switched.
In this mode, the VLAN should be created by conclusions. It is a computer that compiles the algorithms of Internet of things IoT or robotic projects we imagine and manages electronic elements.
It runs with Linux based operating systems. Raspian is the operating system OS which is used in this project. It has also variety of models for different requirements. Raspberry Pi 3 has a built-in wifi module so it is practical when wireless connection Figure 3. VLAN configuration needed. These computers, which are shown in Figure 1, are preferred in listening to network traffic and In Figure 3, two VLANs must be created for two collecting data because of their simple interface and different networks.
The created vlans are assigned to the desired ports. The first 4 ports of the switch are configured for VLAN The last 4 ports of the switch are configured for Vlan Trunk port is a switch port which all VLAN information can be passed. In the project, IP addresses of DHCP is configured on the switch so that the computers Figure 1. Figure 4. The switch configuration is now complete.
Creation of system architecture 2. Intrusion Detection System Folders are created to keep the configuration files. Intrusion Detection Systems are devices or software Empty rule files are created in these folders. A folder is for monitoring malicious activities or policy violations also created to hold the access logs.
We have to give against networks or systems. IDS systems have the Snort the privilege to read the files. When an attack occurs, it also reconfigures network devices such as firewalls or routers blocking attacks in the same way [5]. Figure 5 shows the intrusion detection system architecture. In this approach, the false positive rate is reduced and high detection rate is achieved.
This algorithm is more suit- able for dynamic topologies. It acts as intelligent IDS that can analyze generated intrusion alerts and it also can detect new attacks without any pre-defined patterns or signatures. In this approach, sensor node and base station are ex- changing control packets with each other. Each control packet contains the node id and number of packets sent to the cluster head. The base station is working on monitor mode to detect black hole attacks.
This approach also consumes the less energy for intrusion detection. The proposed system defines two cases. In the first case, centralized approach is implemented to send and acknowledge the query of data packets. Cluster head maintains a table which is used to store identities and positions of all nodes.
In the second case, all legitimate nodes reply to the cluster head with their identities and current position coordinates. Sybil node also sends their identities and current position so cluster head matches those data in a table with legitimate nodes data. Sybil node is detected if any conflict rose. Simulation result shows that proposed system improves the energy efficiency and it detects the Sybil node accurately.
Distributed Detection Based Approach N. In this approach, abnormality of the nodes behaviour observed by a light weight energy prediction algorithm. In this system cluster head is responsible for energy prediction for all nodes in the cluster. The attack can be detected by abnormalities between predicted and actual energy. Detection accuracy is achieved by obtaining high prediction accuracy. According to the result, we can say that this www. This approach can only detect gray whole and flooding attacks.
The proposed system defines four modules. The first module is Cluster con- figure ration module which is responsible for classifying a node like members, leaders and associated according to their network functions.
The second one is monitoring of routing module in which observer node monitors the number of transmissions is performed. The third one is attacker detection module which detects the sinkhole attacking node.
The fourth module is the isolation of attacker module which isolates the malicious node from the cluster and it also raised an alarm to inform its neighboring nodes. This approach only detects sinkhole attacks so work can be enhanced by detection of other types of attacks.
The second element is intrusion detection element which detects the intrusion by analyzing the mapped data. The third element is a distributed mini firewall which filters the malicious traffic before it reaches to the network. This approach can only detect spoofing attacks inside the network, sinkhole and selective forwarding attacks.
With the development of IoT, there are so many issues raised. Among many other issues, security issues cannot be ignored. Here we discussed some potential security attacks which are made on IoT applications and various intrusion detection approaches which are available to mitigate those attacks. Still those approaches cannot be able to detect all types of cyber-attacks and are not feasible for IoT network because it requires more processing power, memory and bandwidth for intrusion detection.
Thus, future research in this direction would be to develop lightweight security mechanism which will take fewer resources for intrusion detection. Joo P. Amaral, Lus M. Oliveira, Joel J.
Of the 3rd Int. Of Intell. Eswari, Dr. Babu Karuppiah, J. Dalfiah, K. Yuvashri, S. Dharini, Ranjith Balakrishnan and A. Qi Jing, Athanasios V. Patel and A. Clemmer, Information Security Concepts: Authenticity. Umadevi Chezhian, Dr. Ramar2, Mr. Hossain, M. Fotouhi and R. Nabil Ali Alrajeh, S. Anand, B.
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